Regeneración del sistema dunar de la playa de Laida (Reserva de la Biosfera de Urdaibai)

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Palabras clave

Restauración, dunas, Laida, Urdaibai, LIFE, adaptación cambio climático

Tipo de experiencia

Conservación

Subtipo de experiencia

Manejo de especies (fauna y flora)

Ámbito territorial

País Vasco

Espacio protegido

Reserva de Biosfera de Urdaibai

Entidad responsable de la experiencia

Reserva de Biosfera de Urdaibai

Situación de partida

La bocana del estuario del Oka albergó en el pasado sistemas dunares, de los que existe documentación gráfica de 1950. Al inicio del proyecto, y desde los años 90, estos sistemas se encontraban completamente desaparecidos por razones antrópicas (extracción de arena y pisoteo de vegetación) y naturales (erosión generada por temporales marinos –oleaje y corrientes de marea- y acción eólica sin existir vegetación).

La ausencia de sistemas dunares en la bocana del estuario genera una importante inestabilidad morfodinámica y por lo tanto, una amplia variabilidad e inestabilidad en los procesos que gobiernan el estuario inferior. Como consecuencia se produce la pérdida de diversidad de hábitats y de especies en esta zona estuarina, especialmente los hábitats supramareales. Asimismo, se observa una mayor vulnerabilidad de las infraestructuras existentes en el estuario ante los temporales sin sistemas dunares. También influyen otros factores como la mayor acción eólica en ausencia de obstáculos que capten la arena transportada, eventos catastróficos (arrastres de arena en grandes temporales), la influencia mareal, el oleaje y la necesidad de reubicación adecuada de materiales dragados, en algunos casos. Además la intrusión de los visitantes de playas, destruye la morfología de las dunas y la vegetación, e imposibilitan su regeneración natural. Por último, la presencia de una empresa de construcción naval hace necesario un dragado periódico del canal, generándose gran cantidad de materiales. En un contexto de cambio climático y de elevación del nivel del mar a una tasa de 2mm/año. el frente dunar cumple también un papel en la adaptación, al mantener la estabilidad de la playa y proteger las infraestructuras existentes aguas arriba de la playa del azote de los temporales. En este caso, además de haberse perdido el extenso campo dunar, a mediados de los años 90 se había perdido prácticamente el 50% de la extensión de la playa contigua (Laida), siendo necesario compatibilizar el uso recreativo de la playa, con el interés ecológico de la restauración del ecosistema dunar.

Objetivos

Objetivos generales:

• Regenerar los ecosistemas dunares costeros de la desembocadura del estuario, aprovechando arenas de dragado de la ría y aplicando métodos de bioingeniería en la restauración.
• Sensibilizar a la población sobre el valor de los ecosistemas dunares.

Objetivos específicos:

• Regenerar los hábitats costeros en la playa de Laida.
• Ordenar el uso y la gestión recreativa de la playa sin poner en riesgo el hábitat.
• Sensibilizar a la población que utiliza la playa sobre la importancia de los ecosistemas dunares como un valor a mantener y respetar.
• Utilizar las arenas de dragado para que sirvan de área fuente de sedimento a la acción eólica que recupera ecosistemas dunares anteriormente existentes.
• Servir de ejemplo para posteriores intervenciones en situaciones similares.

Acciones desarrolladas

• Instalación de captadores de arena
• Plantación de 550.000 ejemplares de especies dunares (Ammophila arenaria y Elymus farctus).
• Cierre perimetral (cuerda sujeta a postes de madera)en torno al área de actuación.
• Actuaciones permanentes de mantenimiento y limpieza del área en restauración.
• Campaña de información y sensibilización.
• Actuaciones de seguimiento del proyecto.

Resultados obtenidos

'Resultados en la configuración de las dunas'

• Recuperación de un campo dunar de unas 9,5 Has de extensión
• La acumulación arenosa en el área de regeneración se ha producido de forma continuada, especialmente durante el período Octubre-Marzo debido a la actividad de los vientos dominantes de dirección N y S de velocidad superior a 4 m/s (16 Km/h).
• El desarrollo morfológico de la duna ha experimentado dos etapas: una primera anualidad con crecimiento fuertemente agradacional (vertical) y una segunda y tercera anualidades con un crecimiento fundamentalmente progradacional (horizontal).
• El volumen total acumulado en la duna norte ha sido de 12.200 m3. El volumen de arena acumulado en la duna sur durante el periodo Junio 2003-2004 ha sido de 6.400m3.
• Las operaciones de dragados influyen sobre la dinámica sedimentaria de manera significativa, alterando los procesos sedimentarios.

'Resultados en la colonización vegetal'

• Se ha pasado de 6 taxones inventariados en 2001 a 28 taxones de especies típicas de dunas.
• La vegetación de la duna fija la arena y construye la estructura dunar, estabilizándola frente a la erosión y el desplazamiento.
• La evolución natural de la vegetación no ha propiciado todavía la presencia de la especie Ammophila arenaria
• Especies muy características de la duna como Philantrus triangulum han colonizado solamente la zona artificial.
• Se valora positivamente la colocación del vallado y el vertido de arenas de dragado en la zona Sur, que ha dado lugar a que la zona esté protegida de la inundación marina, sirva de trampa de sedimento y semilla, y por lo tanto, incremente la colonización biológica en la misma y se instauren las condiciones idóneas para su rápido desarrollo.

'Mejora del uso público'

• Ampliación substancial del arenal de Laida, hasta las 18,5 Ha en bajamar, con lo que se incrementa notablemente la zona de uso público
• La colocación de 2.000 metros lineales de cierre mediante los que quedaba protegida el área se ha mostrado muy efectivo.
• Este cercado apoyado por las campañas de información y comunicación, ha sido respetado excepto en casos muy aislados.
• El crecimiento de la vegetación en su interior lo confirma.
• Las campañas de información y sensibilización se considera que han dado resultados positivos. Un buen indicador ha sido el respeto del equipamiento, plantaciones y limpieza que se han logrado obtener a pesar del más de medio millón de visitantes anuales.
• La exposición divulgativa se ha revelado una buena herramienta para transmitir los fundamentos de la regeneración del sistema dunar. Gran interés demostrado por los medios de comunicación y visitas a la exposición colocada en la playa y algunos municipios del entorno.

Lecciones aprendidas

Entre los hitos del proyecto se preveía la reposición inicial de captadores de arena y plantaciones en la totalidad del área de proyecto. Sin embargo ha habido dos factores que han hecho variar estas previsiones.

• La no disponibilidad de plantas ha recomendado que en lugar de concentrarse en el periodo inicial la plantación se distribuyera a lo largo del proyecto, cuestión que reportó ventajas en cuanto a la disminución del número de marras a reponer.
• Se ha demostrado más eficaz la colocación progresiva de captadores para posteriormente, y una vez conformada la acumulación de arena, proceder a efectuar las plantaciones. De este modo se logra que unas líneas de captadores no dificulten la formación de dunas en otras líneas posteriores.

En 2015 los temporales marinos acabaron por erosionar el sistema dunar.

Información complementaria

• Reserva de la Biosfera de Urdaibai
• Página web del proyecto

Más información

Presupuesto

Más de 100 000 € (522 568 €)

• Inversión total: Coste total: 522.568 €
• Costes unitarios: Costes unitarios 9 €/m2 + Impuestos

Instrumento de gestión en el que se enmarca

• PRUG: Decreto 27/2003 de 11 de febrero. BOPV 46 de 5 de marzo de 2003
• Otros: Ley 5/1989, de Protección y ordenación de la RBU

Sistema de seguimiento y evaluación

• Seguimiento de la evolución morfológica y de la vegetación mediante fotografía aérea oblicua y levantamientos topográficos.
• Seguimiento y evaluación sedimentológica del proyecto de regeneración dunar en Laida, realizado por la Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU).
• Seguimiento de la colonización biológica de la duna de Laida (UPV/EHU) + seguimiento de la vegetación de arenales costeros (A. Prieto, 2006).
• Estimación del número de visitantes en la playa en la época de baño y visitas a la exposición colocada en la playa.
• Seguimiento económico y de la actividad del proyecto (secretaría técnica).

Difusión de los resultados

• Elaboración de materiales divulgativos y educativos: paneles de regulación de uso público, paneles informativos, folletos, cómic multilingüe sobre las dunas, unidad didáctica de apoyo al itinerario, juegos y pasatiempos relativos al proyecto, material de apoyo al profesorado.
• Elaboración de un audiovisual en DVD sobre el proyecto de regeneración del sistema dunar de la playa de Laida.
• Campañas de información y sensibilización del público durante las temporadas de baño, ampliando la acción a centros escolares.
• Programas en medios de comunicación.
• Puesta en marcha de un espacio específico dedicado al proyecto en la página web de la Reserva de la Biosfera de Urdaibai.
• Página web del proyecto.

Recursos humanos

Personal de la oficina técnica de Urdaibai para la coordinación y gestión del proyecto.

Recursos materiales

Empresas contratadas para la ejecución de las actuaciones del proyecto.

Fuentes de financiación

• Presupuesto del espacio protegido: Presupuesto del Dpto. de Medio Ambiente y Ordenación del Territorio del Gobierno Vasco 50%
• Fondos europeos: LIFE naturaleza (Proyecto nºLIFE04NAT/es/000031) - 50%

Modo de contratación

• Asistencia técnica: Si
• Concurso público: Si

Contactos

• Paula Caviedes (p-caviedes@euskadi.eus)

¿Contribuye a la adaptación al cambio climático?

Sí

Fecha de inicio y de fin

1999 - 2015 (finalizada)

Fecha de creación

17 marzo 2008 12:37:44

Cartografía

Cargando el mapa…

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Observaciones

Objeto de conservación sobre el que se actúa

• Gea / suelos: procesos geológicos que condicionan la formación de los sistemas dunares cantábricos
• Gestión de hábitats/ecosistemas: dunas móviles embrionarias (2110) y dunas móviles del litoral con Ammophila arenaria (dunas blancas) (2120)
• Paisaje: Mejora del paisaje litoral
• Procesos ecológicos: restauración de procesos ecológicos asociados a la formación dunar.

Grado de ejecución actual

• El proyecto finalizó en 2007. Desde este año hasta 2015 se realizaron tareas de mantenimiento de cierres en la zona de actuación.